Since crime is committed in a particular space, place-related factors can play roles in creating the potential crimes to be committed. Therefore, the issue of environmental prevention through planning and environmental design can lead to decrease of crime and offence problems in urban places. While, individual criminals found less opportunity to do offensive behavior in places that are planned and design by this purpose, it is possible to prevent criminal act in urban places and spaces by reducing the encouraging CONDITIONS to commit crimes in urban spaces. The relationship between environ- mental and site-specific characteristics of the affected locations were considered so that the role of these characteristics in crime can be determined in the formulation of prevention programs and the creation of safe urban spaces. In tum, these achievements can be applied in compiling codes of urban planning and design. The approach of the study was based on the scientific research method- ology of R. Quivy and LV. Comenhoudt introduced in their book "Manual de Recherché en Science Socials". Hypotheses and indicators were com- piled from observations and comparat1ve analyses of those urban spaces that are most often the sites of crime. The data provided the basis for strategic recommendations regarding urban planning and environmental design aimed at preventing crime. The theoretical background of this issue can be traced to Urban Ecology studies, which have pro­ vided a scientific framework for recognizing reciprocal relations between humans and their environment. In 1971, following publication of the article "Crime Prevention through Environmental Design" by C.R. Jeffery, an important turning point came about in studying social abnormalities and crimes. Prior to this article, the dominant viewpoint in criminology was the study of crime itself. However Jeffery's ideas led to the consideration of CPTED as a methodology that could be implemented by urban planners, designers, and architects. In this framework, suitable and objective design in human­ built environment would reduce the feeling of insecurity in places by removing opportunities for crime, and thus improving the quality of life of cityresi­ dents and visitors. This approach was furthered by other authors, such as Elizabeth Wood, S. Angel, Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, J. Wilson, and D. Hillier. According to the findings of this study (in the twelve sampled space city of Tehran), the paradigms of environmental planning can be nomi­nated as the "invisible hand" of urban planning and design that can play an important role in the provi­sion of safety and in preventing crime and other forms of social degradation. The results of this study were lead to introduce and establish new regulations for urban planners in High Committee on Architecture and Urban Planning (Ministry of Housing and Urban Development). By the way, this article is a part of a research program in 2006 that was entitled as "Compiling Environmental Codes to Prevent Criminal Action in Urban Spaces", carried out in conjunction with the Iranian Center for Architecture and Urban Studies and Research, according to the recommendation of the High Council of Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning.

With increasing the global environmental hazards and lack of efficiency of international environmental law to prevent the environmental damages, one of the major concerns for environmental damage is to develop indicators of environmental damages. According to the Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, international treatises are an important source of international law. Moreover, more than a thousand of bilateral or multilateral treatises and agreements on international environmental law show the place of the international treatise in international environmental law system. In this context, developing the indicators of environmental damages, in addition to prevent the environmental pollutions aims to establish the international responsibility in the environmental damages. Therefore, this study tries to analyze the possibility of developing indicators of environmental damage in international treatise, which is Important to improve the state's international responsibility in environmental damage cases.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) CONDITIONS, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal CONDITIONS), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual CONDITIONS) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening CONDITIONS), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).

In this study, weather CONDITIONS such as air humidity, temperature air, and wind speed were investigated in relation to wind turbine efficiency with the approach of an exergy study. In this study, the wind speed has been investigated in two different climatic regions of Iran with an approximate distance of 1200 km, in the names of Ardabil and Marvast. The amount of wind density of Ardabil is equal to 66 (kW/m2) and Marvast is equal to 123 (kW/m2). Power production using a 10 (Kw) wind turbine in the Ardabil region is 2.3 (MWh) and in the Marvast region is 3.2 (MWh) per year. The highest wind turbine exergy efficiency is 0.48 in the Ardabil region, and the highest exergy efficiency in the Marvast region is 0.18. The amount of reduction of CO2 gas production, using wind turbines in comparison to gas and diesel power plants in Ardabil, are 1.1 and 2.1 tons and in Marvast are 1.5 and 2.9 tons per year. This reduction in CO2 greenhouse gas per year is equal to using a forest region of 1000 (m2) to 3000 (m2). The use of wind turbines reduces the fuel consumption of diesel power plants in the Ardabil region for the amount of 797.4 liters and in the Marvast region for the amount of 1244 liters of diesel per year. According to this review, it can be concluded that in addition to wind speed, air humidity plays a significant role in the selection, installation, and commissioning of wind turbines in the region. According to this survey, it can be seen that in the Ardabil region, the wind speed of the wind turbine has a higher exergy efficiency than in the Marvast region, and it can be concluded that the wind turbine has performed better in the Ardabil region.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen and water withholding in vegetative growth stage of corn on efficacy of nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2017. The first factor contained four treatments including application of nicosulfuron, 2,4-D+ MCPA, weed free and weed infested as control. The second factor consisted of normal irrigation and water withholding from 4 to 8 leaf stage. Third factor contained either urea application or no fertilizer application. Normal irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA efficacy in weed control and total weed dry weight decreased to 341 and 361 g.m-2 respectively compared 1370 g.m-2 as weed infested. Nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA reduced weed total dry weight significantly under irrigation withholding. Grain yield increased with application of nitrogen and nicosulfuron. Grain yield was higher with application of 2,4-D+ MCPA than nicosulfuron without nitrogen application under irrigation withholding. Application of nicosulfuron with nitrogen application provided satisfactory weed control and increased grain yield.

To study the effect of salinity stress on some physiological traits in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was performed at 2017 in the research greenhouse of Agronomy Department, University of Tehran. Salinity treatments at two levels; control (1.2 dS/m) and sodium chloride treatment (16 dS/m) and seven wheat cultivars, Rowshan, Inia-66, Mahdavi, Khazar-1, Karaj-2, Ghods and Shole were the experimental treatments. According to the results, relative water content, yield and its components and potassium/sodium ratio decreased in all genotypes while Na+ content and remobilization of carbohydrates were increased. Salt resistant varieties, Roshan and Inia-66, had the highest level of relative water content, remobilization of soluble carbohydrates and number of grains per spike. In addition, Roshan cultivar showed the highest potassium concentration and K+/Na+ in the shoots, while Ghods and Sholeh as sensitive cultivars had the highest sodium concentration in the shoots. Findings showed that the ability of a cultivar to remobilize soluble carbohydrates is one of the traits that determine salt stress tolerance, hence, this trait is suitable for evaluating salt tolerance of wheat cultivars in the future investigations.

Noise pollution can be considered as the most important problem of urban environmental management in mega metropolises and urban transportation is the main source of the mentioned problem. This study aims to investigate the amount of traffic noise dose received by traffic policemen in Tehran; District 1 Municipality. The investigation was conducted during three consecutive months in 2007 in 282 locations of the main streets of studied district which are known for its heavy traffic, as well as population flow. In order to measure the noise volume, pre-calibrated Cell- 450 and Quest- 2900 sound level meters were used. Regarding to noise dosimeter, 158 cases were measured using a dosimeter Cell-320. For this purpose, Leq, L10, Lmax and Lmin indicators were used. The results showed that the Leq average during peak traffic load hours and in the least traffic CONDITIONS was 77.2±2.1 and 64.5±2.2 dB, respectively which were higher than the acceptable levels (55dB). Moreover, the statistical results showed the significant differences between light and heavy traffic CONDITIONS and also the direct effect of heavy traffic on noise pollution, also it was shown that vehicles traffic is the main source of the produced noise pollution. The study created a related questionnaire which evaluated the traffic policemen behavior from them and their relative’s point of views. The results showed that noise pollution has damaging effects on their behavioral CONDITIONS and also, on their personal assessment. The policemen believed their psychological disorders and their relative had also the same opinion. This study attempted to show that noise pollution in metropolises such as Tehran is a serious problem and it is should be treated as a top priority in the urban environmental management in order to reduce noise pollution.

In order to identify the correlations and relationships between different traits in the bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely randomized design in greenhouse and the randomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation and post-anthesis water stress CONDITIONS. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that at both normal and moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the phenological traits and the yield components. Under the normal CONDITIONS in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density and length, the number of days to 50% flowering can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, under the stressed CONDITIONS in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the number of days to the heading, maturity and 50% of flowering were among the important and effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation CONDITIONS in the field, the number of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the seed weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation analysis under the field stress CONDITIONS showed that to increase the 1000-seed weight, the number of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

In process of sucrose determination in sugar beet, pulp analysis by polarometric method is done on the basis of fresh root weight. The volume of the juice of 26 grams of the pulp is considered 23 ml that with 177 ml of clarifying agent would be 200 ml. Drought stress and dehydrated root reduce. The volume of the pulp extract of 23 ml. The objective of this experiment was to determine the proper method for juice extraction from beet roots grown under drought, salinity and normal CONDITIONS in the procedure of sugar content measurement. Sugar beet roots produced under various CONDITIONS were subjected to dehydration after harvest. Three levels of dehydration [(A) including fresh beet with 76±1 percent moisture (a1), dehydrated roots up to 70± 1 (a2) and 63± 1 (a3) percent water content] and three juice extraction methods [(traditional cold digestion (b1), hot digestion (b2) and improved French method (b3)] were arranged in a factorial experiment (3*3) in CRD with 12 replications. Sugar content, dry matter, marc, brix and juice electrical conductivity were determined for all treatments. The results showed that beet dehydration from 76 to 68 percent increased both dry matter and marc contents from 24 to 32 and from 4.7 to 7.1 percent, respectively. In normal roots there was no significant difference in terms of sugar content determination by various extraction methods. However, sugar content of beet roots grown under semi-salinity (P<0.05), salinity and drought (P<0.01) CONDITIONS were affected significantly by extraction methods. These differences are presumably due to differences in marc and dry matter contents. In conclusion, overall there was no difference between the hot digestion and French methods in all CONDITIONS. Whereas, the difference of traditional methods with French method for dry matter of 24 to 27 percent was not significant. Thus, it is recommended to determine sugar content of beet roots having up to 27 percent dry matter by cold digestion method and in the beet roots of greater than 27 percent dry matter the proper way of juice extraction is French method.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, government officials seek ways to monitor, control, and manage events and crises due to the concerns of the general public and social media as informative tools. Regarding this, the present study aims to identify and analyze the factors affecting the crisis incidence in Iranian stadiums. METHODS: The present interpretive qualitative research was performed based on a grounded theory method and latent content analysis technique. The data were collected by the implementation of in-depth interviews with 19 people consisting of the Ministry of Sports and Youth experts and executives, sports management professors, and crisis management specialists. The participants were selected using non-probability and snowball sampling techniques. The interviews were continued until reaching theoretical saturation regarding the research questions and objectives. The gathered data, in form of audio recording and text, were analyzed by MAXQDA software (version 18). FINDINGS: The interview data were analyzed based on open and process coding. Afterward, the researcher categorized the identified factors into causal, contextual, and intervening CONDITIONS. In this regard, the causal factors consisted of the following items: 1) nature of crisis, 2) technical and specialized factors, 3) infrastructure and equipment, and 4) environmental and equipment hazards. With respect to the contextual factors, they included: 1) human resources, 2) nature of sporting events, 3) security factors, 4) vandalism, 5) welfare facilities, and 5) management factors. Finally, the intervening factors were found to entail: 1) stadium atmosphere, 2) political and social crises, and 3) information and communications technology. CONCLUSION: According to the obtained results, the officials are recommended to consider the paradigmatic model of factors leading to crisis management in stadiums in the crisis management programs adopted for sports venues, especially large stadiums. The consideration of the factors constituting the given model can lead to the improvement of crisis management in the country's sports venues.